This essay focuses on notion of secondary reference.The instructions are pretty much it. There will be 4 papers altogether, so there is a possibility of more work to complete the assignment.

notion of secondary reference.

They want at least a couple references from the book, any others doesn’t matter. The instructions are pretty much it. There will be 4 papers altogether, so there is a possibility of more work to complete the assignment.

In semantics, reference is generally construed as the relationships between nouns.

Pro nouns and objects that are name by them. Hence, the word “John” refers to the person John. The word “it” refers to some previously specified object. The object referred to is called the referent of the word.

Sometimes the word-object relation is called “denotation”; the word denotes the object. The converse relation, the relation from object to word, is call “exemplification. The object exemplifies what the word denotes. In syntactic analysis, if a word refers to a previous word. The previous word is called the “antecedent”.

Gottlob Frege argue that reference cannot be treat as identical with meaning:

“Hesperus” (an ancient Greek name for the evening star) and “Phosphorus” (an ancient Greek name for the morning star). both refer to Venus, but the astronomical fact that ‘”Hesperus” is “Phosphorus”‘ can still be informative.

Even if the “meanings” of “Hesperus” and “Phosphorus” are already know. This problem led Frege to distinguish between the sense and reference of a word. Some cases seem to be too complicate to be classify within this framework. The acceptance of the notion of secondary reference may be necessary to fill the gap. See also Opaque context.

The very concept of the linguistic sign is the combination of content and expression.

The former of which may refer entities in the world or refer more abstract concepts, e.g. thought. Certain parts of speech exist only to express reference, namely anaphora such as pronouns. The subset of reflexives expresses co-reference of two participants in a sentence. These could be the agent (actor) and patient (acted on), as in “The man washed himself”. The theme and recipient, as in “I showed Mary to herself”. Or various other possible combinations.